M. Sc. Botany short questions and answers
Microbiology & Immunology questions and answers
1) What is viroid ? Mention one disease caused by this agent.
Ans. Viroids are infectious RNA molecules that differ from viruses in that they lack protein. Viroids are small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules that are the smallest known pathogens. They range in size from 246 to 399 nucleotides and show a considerable degree of sequence homology to each other, suggesting that they have common evolutionary roots.
Viroids cause a number of important plant diseases and can have a severe agricultural impact (Figure 9.24). A few well-studied viroids include coconut cadang-cadang viroid (246 nucleotides) and potato spindle tuber viroid (359 nucleotides). No viroids are known that infect animals or microorganisms.
2) What is CFU ?
Ans. Colony Forming Units (CFU): The number of microorganisms that can form colonies when cultured using spread plates or pour plates, an indication of the number of viable microorganisms in a sample.
3) What is RADP and its significance ?
4) What are Horizontal and Vertical gene transfer ?
5) What is cII protein ?
6) What is Quarantine management ?
7) Differentiate between non-persistent and Persistent viruses.
8) What is signature sequence ?
9) What is ELISA ? Mention its applications.
Ans. ELISA : The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a common laboratory technique which is used to measure the concentration of an analyte (usually antibodies or antigens) in solution.
Applications of ELISA :-
- Screening donated blood for evidence of viral contamination by
- HIV-1 and HIV-2 (presence of anti-HIV antibodies)
- Hepatitis C (presence of antibodies)
- Hepatitis B (testing for both antibodies and a viral antigen).
- Measuring hormone levels
- HCG (as a test for pregnancy).
- LH (determinating the time of ovulation).
- TSH, T3 and T4 (for thyroid function).
- Detecting infections.
- Sexually-transmitted agents like HIV, syphilis and chlamydia.
- Hepatitis B and C.
- Toxoplasma gondii.
- Detecting illicit drugs.
- Detecting allergens in food and house dust.
10) Which type of immunoglobin molecule present in breast milk ?
11) What is TAP protein ?
12) Define adjuvant and mention one commonly used adjuvant.
13) Mention the genetic makeup of COVID 19.
14) What is MALDI-TOF analysis ?
Short (2 marks)
15) Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity.
16) Name one example each of human cancer caused by dsDNA virus and ssRNA virus.
17) State the role of surfactant in fermenter.
18) Are all antigens immunogens ? Explain.
19) Distinguish between core genome and pan genome in bacteria.
20) Mention the principle of flow cytometry.
21) Mention two data base sites for sequence deposition with full name.
22) What are the principles of virus taxonomy ? 3. marks
23) What is the basic principle used in RIA (Radioimmuno assay) ?
24) Write the application of RIA ?
25) What are antigen and antibody ?
― Hippocrates, The Aphorisms of Hippocrates
Q) What is cosmetic microbiology ? Write its significance.
Q) Write one method of cosmetic microbiology ?
Q) Write the criteria for microbial load testing in cosmetic production.
Q) Explain endogenous and exogenous pathway with diagram ?
Q) What is clonal expansion Theory ?
Q) What are the properties of Cytokines (chemokines).
Ans. Cytokines :- Cytokines are low molecular weight regulatory proteins or Glycoproteins secreted by white blood cells various other cells in the body in response to number of stimuli.
Properties of Cytokines :
- Bind to specific receptors on the membrane of target cell.
- Cytokine receptors may be made up of from several different chains.
- Cytokines & their fully assembled receptors exhibit very high affinity for each other & deliver intracellular signals.
- Particular cytokine bind to receptors on the membrane.
- Autocrine action
- Paracrine action
- Endocrine action
- Cytokines regulate the intensity & duration of immune response.
- Binding of a given cytokine to responsive target cells generally stimulates increased expression of cytokine receptors and secretion of other cytokines.
- Exhibit attributes of pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, antagonism and cascade induction.
- Share many properties with hormones.
Q) What are the properties of Antigen ?
Q) Write the types of MHC with structure ?
Q) What is memory cell ?
Ans. Memory cell :- A long-lived immune cell that has the ability to recognize a foreign particle that it previously encountered and consequently mount a faster and stronger immune response.
Q) Describe in details how of B-cell mature.
Q) Write the similarities between Antigen and Hapten ?
Ans. Similarities between Antigen and Hapten
- Both are Antigenic.
- Both are present on external cellular surfaces of microbial pathogens and other agents.
- Both form a part of the defense mechanism system between antigen and antibody.
- Both have the ability to bind to the antibody via Weak linkages such as Ionic interactions, Hydrogen bonding and Hydrophobic interactions.
Q) Difference between Antigen and Hapten ?
Ans.
Difference between antigen and hapten
| Antigens | Haptens |
|---|---|
| An antigens is a foreign body, which has the ability to trigger the host immune system to produce an immune reaction by binding to an antibody. | A Hapten is an incomplete antigen which is not originally immunogenic. |
| Antigen directly binds to the antibodies produced and initiated an immune reaction. | Hapten binds to an antibody but does not have the ability to trigger the host immune system to produce an immune reaction. |
| Antigens are not conjugating with a carrier molecule. | Haptens conjugate with carrier molecules. |
| Antigens are used in in vitro techniques such as ELISA and in Pharmacological purposes. | Haptens are used in Antibiotics and Anesthetics designing. |
| Antigen reations are Antigenic and Immunogenic. | Hapten reations are only Immunogenic. |
Q) Define adjuvants ?
Ans. Adjuvants :- Adjuvants are substances that, when mixed with an antigen and injected with it, enhance the immunogenicity of that antigen.
Q) Difference between Immunogenicity vs Antigenicity ?
Ans.
Difference between Immunogenecity and Antigenecity
| Immunogenecity | Antigenecity |
|---|---|
| Ability to induce humoral and cell mediated immune response. | Ability to combine specifically the product of humoral or cell mediated immune response. |
| All Immunogens are antigen. | All antigen are not immunogen. |
| B cell + Antigen -> Effector B Cell + Memory B cell T cell + Antigen -> Effector T Cell + Memory T cell |
Antigenecity is the ability to combine specifically with secreated antibodies and surface receptor of T cell. |
Q) What are the principle of RIA ?
Ans. Principle of RIA :- The amount of Ab per tube is kept constant, the amount of antigen added (known or unknown) is the variable parameter.
- The added antigen will be distributed between a bound (B) and a free (F) fraction.
- This distribution is governed by the association constant (KA) of the Ab :
- Competitive binding of radiolabelled antigen and unlabelled antigen to a high affinity antibody.
- The labelled antigen is mixed with the antibody at a concentration that saturates the antigen-binding sites of the antibody.
- As the concentration of the unbelled antigen increases more labelled antigen will be replaced from the binding site.
- The decrease in the amount of radiolabelled antigen bound specific antibody in the presence of the test samples is measured to determine the amount of antigen Present in the test sample.
- In std Condition, amount of labelled antigen bound to the antibody decreases as the amount of unlabelled antigen increases in sample.
Ab + Ag 🠆 AgAb
K=[AgAb]/ [Ag][Ab]
Q) Define ELISA ? Why it is known as ELISA ?
Ans. ELISA : The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a common laboratory technique which is used to measure the concentration of an analyte (usually antibodies or antigens) in solution.
It is known as ELISA beacuse :
- Antigen/ Antibody of interest is absorbed on to plastic surface ('sorbent')
- Antigen is recognised by specific antibody ('immuno').
- This antibody is recognised by second antibody ('immuno') which has enzyme attached ('enzyme-linked').
- Substrate reacts with enzyme to produce product, usually coloured.
Q) Write the advantages and disadvantages of ELISA ?
Ans. Advantages of ELISA :-
- Reagents are relatively cheap & have a long shelf life.
- ELISA is highly specific and sensitive.
- No radiation hazards occcur during labelling or disposal of waste.
- Easy to perform and quick procedures.
- Equipment can be inexpensive and widely available.
- ELISA can be used to a variety of infections.
Disadvantages of ELISA :-
- Measuremnt of enzyme activity can be more complex than measurement of activity of some type of radioisotopes.
- Enzyme activity may be affected by plasma constituents.
- Kits are commercially available, but not cheap.
- Very specific to a particular antigen. Won't recognize any other antigen.
- False positives/ negatives possible, especially with mutated/ altered antigen.
Q) What are the application of Immunofluorescence ? Write its limitation.
Ans. Immunofluorescence : - Immunofluorescence is a technique allowing th visualization of a specific antigen by binding a specific antibody chemically conjugated with a fluorescent dye such as fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC).
Application of Immunofluorescence :-
- Immunofluorescence can be used on tissue sections, cultured cell lines, or individual cells, and may be used to analyse the distribution of proteins and small biological and nonbiological molecules.
- Immunofluorescence can be used in combination with other, non-antibody methods of fluorescent staining, for example, use of DAPI, (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) is a fluorescent stain that binds strongly to A-T rich regions in DNA, to label DNA.
- The technique has a number of different biological applications including evaluation of cells in suspension, cultured cells, tissue, beads.
- It also play a key role in the diagnosis of autoimmune disorder.
Limitation :-
- Quality and concentration of the antibody.
- Proper handling of the specimen.
- Choice of secondary antibodies.
- Fluorophores undergoes photobleaching as they are exposed to light.
Q) Compare between primary antibody for IP.
Q) Write the application of Immuno precipitation.
Q) Write the Application of flow cytometry ?
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